sisl.Lattice
- class sisl.Lattice(cell, nsc=None, origin=None, boundary_condition=BoundaryCondition.PERIODIC)
Bases:
_Dispatchs
A cell class to retain lattice vectors and a supercell structure
The supercell structure is comprising the primary unit-cell and neighbouring unit-cells. The number of supercells is given by the attribute nsc which is a vector with 3 elements, one per lattice vector. It describes how many times the primary unit-cell is extended along the i’th lattice vector. For
nsc[i] == 3
the supercell is made up of 3 unit-cells. One behind, the primary unit-cell and one after.- Parameters
cell (array_like) – the lattice parameters of the unit cell (the actual cell is returned from tocell.
nsc (array_like of int) – number of supercells along each lattice vector
origin ((3,) of float, optional) – the origin of the supercell.
boundary_condition (int/str or list of int/str (3, 2) or (3, ), optional) – the boundary conditions for each of the cell’s planes. Defaults to periodic boundary condition. See BoundaryCondition for valid enumerations.
Methods
add
(other)Add two supercell lattice vectors to each other
add_vacuum
(vacuum, axis[, orthogonal_to_plane])Add vacuum along the axis lattice vector
angle
(i, j[, rad])The angle between two of the cell vectors
append
(other, axis)Appends other Lattice to this grid along axis
area
(ax0, ax1)Calculate the area spanned by the two axis ax0 and ax1
cell2length
(length[, axes])Calculate cell vectors such that they each have length length
center
([axis])Returns center of the Lattice, possibly with respect to an axis
copy
([cell, origin])A deepcopy of the object
equal
(other[, tol])Check whether two lattices are equivalent
fit
(xyz[, axis, tol])Fit the supercell to xyz such that the unit-cell becomes periodic in the specified directions
is_cartesian
([tol])Checks if cell vectors a,b,c are multiples of the cartesian axis vectors (x, y, z)
is_orthogonal
([tol])Returns true if the cell vectors are orthogonal.
move
(v)Appends additional space to the object
offset
([isc])Returns the supercell offset of the supercell index
parallel
(other[, axis])Returns true if the cell vectors are parallel to other
parameters
([rad])Cell parameters of this cell in 3 lengths and 3 angles
plane
(ax1, ax2[, origin])Query point and plane-normal for the plane spanning ax1 and ax2
prepend
(other, axis)Prepends other Lattice to this grid along axis
read
(sile, *args, **kwargs)Reads the supercell from the Sile using
Sile.read_lattice
repeat
(reps, axis)Extend the unit-cell reps times along the axis lattice vector
rotate
(angle, v[, rad, what])Rotates the supercell, in-place by the angle around the vector
sc_index
(sc_off)Returns the integer index in the sc_off list that corresponds to sc_off
scale
(scale[, what])Scale lattice vectors
set_boundary_condition
([boundary, a, b, c])Set the boundary conditions on the grid
set_nsc
([nsc, a, b, c])Sets the number of supercells in the 3 different cell directions
swapaxes
(axes_a, axes_b[, what])Swaps axes axes_a and axes_b
tile
(reps, axis)Extend the unit-cell reps times along the axis lattice vector
toCuboid
(*args, **kwargs)A cuboid with vectors as this unit-cell and center with respect to its origin
tocell
(*args)Returns a 3x3 unit-cell dependent on the input
translate
(v)Appends additional space to the object
unrepeat
(reps, axis)Reverses a Lattice.tile and returns the segmented version
untile
(reps, axis)Reverses a Lattice.tile and returns the segmented version
vertices
()Vertices of the cell
Boundary conditions for each lattice vector (lower/upper) sides
(3, 2)
Returns the reciprocal (inverse) cell for the Lattice.
Internal indexed supercell
[ia, ib, ic] == i
Length of each lattice vector
Origin for the cell
Boolean array to specify whether the boundary conditions are periodic`
Returns the reciprocal cell for the Lattice with
2*np.pi
Integer supercell offsets
A dispatcher for classes, using __get__ it converts into ObjectDispatcher upon invocation from an object, or a TypeDispatcher when invoked from a class
Volume of cell
- BC
alias of
BoundaryCondition
- add(other)[source]
Add two supercell lattice vectors to each other
- Parameters
other (Lattice, array_like) – the lattice vectors of the other supercell to add
- add_vacuum(vacuum, axis, orthogonal_to_plane=False)[source]
Add vacuum along the axis lattice vector
- property boundary_condition: ndarray
Boundary conditions for each lattice vector (lower/upper) sides
(3, 2)
- cell
- cell2length(length, axes=(0, 1, 2))[source]
Calculate cell vectors such that they each have length length
- Parameters
- Returns
cell-vectors with prescribed length, same order as axes
- Return type
- copy(cell=None, origin=None)[source]
A deepcopy of the object
- Parameters
cell (array_like) – the new cell parameters
origin (array_like) – the new origin
- equal(other, tol=0.0001)[source]
Check whether two lattices are equivalent
- Parameters
tol (float, optional) – tolerance value for the cell vectors and origin
- fit(xyz, axis=None, tol=0.05)[source]
Fit the supercell to xyz such that the unit-cell becomes periodic in the specified directions
The fitted supercell tries to determine the unit-cell parameters by solving a set of linear equations corresponding to the current supercell vectors.
>>> numpy.linalg.solve(self.cell.T, xyz.T)
It is important to know that this routine will only work if at least some of the atoms are integer offsets of the lattice vectors. I.e. the resulting fit will depend on the translation of the coordinates.
- Parameters
xyz (array_like
shape(*, 3)
) – the coordinates that we will wish to encompass and analyze.axis (None or array_like) – if
None
equivalent to[0, 1, 2]
, else only the cell-vectors along the provided axis will be usedtol (float) – tolerance (in Angstrom) of the positions. I.e. we neglect coordinates which are not within the radius of this magnitude
- property icell
Returns the reciprocal (inverse) cell for the Lattice.
Note: The returned vectors are still in
[0, :]
format and not as returned by an inverse LAPACK algorithm.
- is_cartesian(tol=0.001)[source]
Checks if cell vectors a,b,c are multiples of the cartesian axis vectors (x, y, z)
- Parameters
tol (float, optional) – the threshold above which an off diagonal term will be considered non-zero.
- is_orthogonal(tol=0.001)[source]
Returns true if the cell vectors are orthogonal.
- Parameters
tol (float, optional) – the threshold above which the scalar product of two cell vectors will be considered non-zero.
- move(v)
Appends additional space to the object
- n_s
- new = <TypeDispatcher{obj=<class 'sisl.Lattice'>}>
- nsc
- parameters(rad=False)[source]
Cell parameters of this cell in 3 lengths and 3 angles
Notes
Since we return the length and angles between vectors it may not be possible to recreate the same cell. Only in the case where the first lattice vector only has a Cartesian \(x\) component will this be the case
- Parameters
rad (bool, optional) – whether the angles are returned in radians (otherwise in degree)
- Return type
- Returns
float – length of first lattice vector
float – length of second lattice vector
float – length of third lattice vector
float – angle between b and c vectors
float – angle between a and c vectors
float – angle between a and b vectors
- plane(ax1, ax2, origin=True)[source]
Query point and plane-normal for the plane spanning ax1 and ax2
- Parameters
- Returns
normal_V (numpy.ndarray) – planes normal vector (pointing outwards with regards to the cell)
p (numpy.ndarray) – a point on the plane
Examples
All 6 faces of the supercell can be retrieved like this:
>>> lattice = Lattice(4) >>> n1, p1 = lattice.plane(0, 1, True) >>> n2, p2 = lattice.plane(0, 1, False) >>> n3, p3 = lattice.plane(0, 2, True) >>> n4, p4 = lattice.plane(0, 2, False) >>> n5, p5 = lattice.plane(1, 2, True) >>> n6, p6 = lattice.plane(1, 2, False)
However, for performance critical calculations it may be advantageous to do this:
>>> lattice = Lattice(4) >>> uc = lattice.cell.sum(0) >>> n1, p1 = lattice.plane(0, 1) >>> n2 = -n1 >>> p2 = p1 + uc >>> n3, p3 = lattice.plane(0, 2) >>> n4 = -n3 >>> p4 = p3 + uc >>> n5, p5 = lattice.plane(1, 2) >>> n6 = -n5 >>> p6 = p5 + uc
Secondly, the variables
p1
,p3
andp5
are always[0, 0, 0]
andp2
,p4
andp6
are alwaysuc
. Hence this may be used to further reduce certain computations.
- prepend(other, axis)[source]
Prepends other Lattice to this grid along axis
For a Lattice object this is equivalent to append.
- property rcell
Returns the reciprocal cell for the Lattice with
2*np.pi
Note: The returned vectors are still in [0, :] format and not as returned by an inverse LAPACK algorithm.
- static read(sile, *args, **kwargs)[source]
Reads the supercell from the Sile using
Sile.read_lattice
- Parameters
sile (Sile, str or pathlib.Path) – a Sile object which will be used to read the supercell if it is a string it will create a new sile using sisl.io.get_sile.
- repeat(reps, axis)[source]
Extend the unit-cell reps times along the axis lattice vector
Notes
This is exactly equivalent to the tile routine.
- rotate(angle, v, rad=False, what='abc')[source]
Rotates the supercell, in-place by the angle around the vector
One can control which cell vectors are rotated by designating them individually with
only='[abc]'
.- Parameters
angle (float) – the angle of which the geometry should be rotated
v (array_like or str or int) – the vector around the rotation is going to happen
v = [1,0,0]
will rotate in theyz
planewhat (combination of
"abc"
, str, optional) – only rotate the designated cell vectors.rad (bool, optional) – Whether the angle is in radians (True) or in degrees (False)
- Return type
- sc_index(sc_off)[source]
Returns the integer index in the sc_off list that corresponds to sc_off
Returns the index for the supercell in the global offset.
- Parameters
sc_off ((3,) or list of (3,)) – super cell specification. For each axis having value
None
all supercells along that axis is returned.
- scale(scale, what='abc')[source]
Scale lattice vectors
Does not scale origin.
- Parameters
scale (float or (3,)) – the scale factor for the new lattice vectors.
what ({"abc", "xyz"}) – If three different scale factors are provided, whether each scaling factor is to be applied on the corresponding lattice vector (“abc”) or on the corresponding cartesian coordinate (“xyz”).
- set_boundary_condition(boundary=None, a=None, b=None, c=None)[source]
Set the boundary conditions on the grid
- Parameters
boundary ((3, 2) or (3, ) or int, optional) – boundary condition for all boundaries (or the same for all)
a (int or list of int, optional) – boundary condition for the first unit-cell vector direction
b (int or list of int, optional) – boundary condition for the second unit-cell vector direction
c (int or list of int, optional) – boundary condition for the third unit-cell vector direction
- Raises
ValueError – if specifying periodic one one boundary, so must the opposite side.
- set_nsc(nsc=None, a=None, b=None, c=None)[source]
Sets the number of supercells in the 3 different cell directions
- Parameters
nsc (list of int, optional) – number of supercells in each direction
a (integer, optional) – number of supercells in the first unit-cell vector direction
b (integer, optional) – number of supercells in the second unit-cell vector direction
c (integer, optional) – number of supercells in the third unit-cell vector direction
- swapaxes(axes_a, axes_b, what='abc')[source]
Swaps axes axes_a and axes_b
Swapaxes is a versatile method for changing the order of axes elements, either lattice vector order, or Cartesian coordinate orders.
- Parameters
axes_a (int or str) – the old axis indices (or labels if str) A string will translate each character as a specific axis index. Lattice vectors are denoted by
abc
while the Cartesian coordinates are denote byxyz
. If str, then what is not used.what ({"abc", "xyz", "abc+xyz"}) – which elements to swap, lattice vectors (
abc
), or Cartesian coordinates (xyz
), or both. This argument is only used if the axes arguments are ints.
- Return type
Examples
Swap the first two axes
>>> sc_ba = sc.swapaxes(0, 1) >>> assert np.allclose(sc_ba.cell[(1, 0, 2)], sc.cell)
Swap the Cartesian coordinates of the lattice vectors
>>> sc_yx = sc.swapaxes(0, 1, what="xyz") >>> assert np.allclose(sc_ba.cell[:, (1, 0, 2)], sc.cell)
Consecutive swapping: 1. abc -> bac 2. bac -> bca
>>> sc_bca = sc.swapaxes("ab", "bc") >>> assert np.allclose(sc_ba.cell[:, (1, 0, 2)], sc.cell)
- tile(reps, axis)[source]
Extend the unit-cell reps times along the axis lattice vector
Notes
This is exactly equivalent to the repeat routine.
- to
A dispatcher for classes, using __get__ it converts into ObjectDispatcher upon invocation from an object, or a TypeDispatcher when invoked from a class
This is a class-placeholder allowing a dispatcher to be a class attribute and converted into an ObjectDispatcher when invoked from an object.
If it is called on the class, it will return a TypeDispatcher.
This class should be an attribute of a class. It heavily relies on the __get__ special method.
- Parameters
name (str) – name of the attribute in the class
dispatchs (dict, optional) – dictionary of dispatch methods
obj_getattr (callable, optional) – method with 2 arguments, an
obj
and theattr
which may be used to control how the attribute is called.instance_dispatcher (AbstractDispatcher, optional) – control how instance dispatchers are handled through __get__ method. This controls the dispatcher used if called from an instance.
type_dispatcher (AbstractDispatcher, optional) – control how class dispatchers are handled through __get__ method. This controls the dispatcher used if called from a class.
Examples
>>> class A: ... new = ClassDispatcher("new", obj_getattr=lambda obj, attr: getattr(obj.sub, attr))
The above defers any attributes to the contained A.sub attribute.
- toCuboid(*args, **kwargs)[source]
A cuboid with vectors as this unit-cell and center with respect to its origin
- Parameters
orthogonal (bool, optional) – if true the cuboid has orthogonal sides such that the entire cell is contained
- classmethod tocell(*args)[source]
Returns a 3x3 unit-cell dependent on the input
- 1 argument
a unit-cell along Cartesian coordinates with side-length equal to the argument.
- 3 arguments
the diagonal components of a Cartesian unit-cell
- 6 arguments
the cell parameters give by \(a\), \(b\), \(c\), \(\alpha\), \(\beta\) and \(\gamma\) (angles in degrees).
- 9 arguments
a 3x3 unit-cell.
- Parameters
*args (float) – May be either, 1, 3, 6 or 9 elements. Note that the arguments will be put into an array and flattened before checking the number of arguments.
Examples
>>> cell_1_1_1 = Lattice.tocell(1.) >>> cell_1_2_3 = Lattice.tocell(1., 2., 3.) >>> cell_1_2_3 = Lattice.tocell([1., 2., 3.]) # same as above
- unrepeat(reps, axis)
Reverses a Lattice.tile and returns the segmented version
Notes
Untiling will not correctly re-calculate nsc since it has no knowledge of connections.
See also
tile
opposite of this method
- untile(reps, axis)[source]
Reverses a Lattice.tile and returns the segmented version
Notes
Untiling will not correctly re-calculate nsc since it has no knowledge of connections.
See also
tile
opposite of this method
- vertices()[source]
Vertices of the cell
- Returns
The coordinates of the vertices of the cell. The first three dimensions correspond to each cell axis (off, on), and the last one contains the xyz coordinates.
- Return type
array of shape (2, 2, 2, 3)
- property volume
Volume of cell