sisl.physics.DynamicalMatrix
- class sisl.physics.DynamicalMatrix(geometry, dim=1, dtype=None, nnzpr=None, **kwargs)
Bases:
SparseOrbitalBZ
Dynamical matrix of a geometry
Methods
Dk
([k, dtype, gauge, format])Setup the dynamical matrix for a given k-point
Rij
([what, dtype])Create a sparse matrix with the vectors between atoms/orbitals
Sk
([k, dtype, gauge, format])Setup the overlap matrix for a given k-point
add
(other[, axis, offset])Add two sparse matrices by adding the parameters to one set.
append
(other, axis[, eps, scale])Append other along axis to construct a new connected sparse matrix
Sometimes the dynamical matrix does not obey Newtons 3rd law.
construct
(func[, na_iR, method, eta])Automatically construct the sparse model based on a function that does the setting up of the elements
copy
([dtype])A copy of this object
create_construct
(R, params)Create a simple function for passing to the construct function.
dDk
([k, dtype, gauge, format])Setup the dynamical matrix derivative for a given k-point
dSk
([k, dtype, gauge, format])Setup the \(k\)-derivatie of the overlap matrix for a given k-point
ddDk
([k, dtype, gauge, format])Setup the dynamical matrix double derivative for a given k-point
ddSk
([k, dtype, gauge, format])Setup the double \(k\)-derivatie of the overlap matrix for a given k-point
edges
([atoms, exclude, orbitals])Retrieve edges (connections) for all atoms
eig
([k, gauge, eigvals_only])Returns the eigenvalues of the physical quantity (using the non-Hermitian solver)
eigenmode
([k, gauge])Calculate the eigenmodes at k and return an EigenmodePhonon object containing all eigenmodes
eigenvalue
([k, gauge])Calculate the eigenvalues at k and return an EigenvaluePhonon object containing all eigenvalues for a given k
eigh
([k, gauge, eigvals_only])Returns the eigenvalues of the physical quantity
eigsh
([k, n, gauge, eigvals_only])Calculates a subset of eigenvalues of the physical quantity (default 10)
eliminate_zeros
(*args, **kwargs)Removes all zero elements from the sparse matrix
empty
([keep_nnz])See
empty
for detailsfinalize
()Finalizes the model
fromsp
(geometry, P[, S])Create a sparse model from a preset Geometry and a list of sparse matrices
iter_nnz
([atoms, orbitals])Iterations of the non-zero elements
iter_orbitals
([atoms, local])Iterations of the orbital space in the geometry, two indices from loop
nonzero
([atoms, only_cols])Indices row and column indices where non-zero elements exists
prepend
(other, axis[, eps, scale])See append for details
read
(sile, *args, **kwargs)Reads dynamical matrix from Sile using read_dynamical_matrix.
remove
(atoms)Remove a subset of this sparse matrix by only retaining the atoms corresponding to atoms
remove_orbital
(atoms, orbitals)Remove a subset of orbitals on atoms according to orbitals
repeat
(reps, axis)Create a repeated sparse orbital object, equivalent to Geometry.repeat
replace
(atoms, other[, other_atoms, eps, scale])Replace atoms in self with other_atoms in other and retain couplings between them
reset
([dim, dtype, nnzpr])The sparsity pattern has all elements removed and everything is reset.
rij
([what, dtype])Create a sparse matrix with the distance between atoms/orbitals
set_nsc
(*args, **kwargs)Reset the number of allowed supercells in the sparse orbital
spalign
(other)See
align
for detailsspsame
(other)Compare two sparse objects and check whether they have the same entries.
sub
(atoms)Create a subset of this sparse matrix by only retaining the atoms corresponding to atoms
sub_orbital
(atoms, orbitals)Retain only a subset of the orbitals on atoms according to orbitals
swap
(a, b)Swaps atoms in the sparse geometry to obtain a new order of atoms
tile
(reps, axis)Create a tiled sparse orbital object, equivalent to Geometry.tile
toSparseAtom
([dim, dtype])Convert the sparse object (without data) to a new sparse object with equivalent but reduced sparse pattern
tocsr
([dim, isc])Return a
csr_matrix
for the specified dimensiontranslate2uc
([atoms, axes])Translates all primary atoms to the unit cell.
transpose
([sort])Create the transposed sparse geometry by interchanging supercell indices
unrepeat
(reps, axis[, segment, sym])Unrepeats the sparse model into different parts (retaining couplings)
untile
(reps, axis[, segment, sym])Untiles the sparse model into different parts (retaining couplings)
write
(sile, *args, **kwargs)Writes a dynamical matrix to the Sile as implemented in the
Sile.write_dynamical_matrix
methodAccess the dynamical matrix elements
Access the overlap elements associated with the sparse matrix
Number of components per element
Data type of sparse elements (in str)
Data type of sparse elements
Whether the contained data is finalized and non-used elements have been removed
Associated geometry
Number of non-zero elements
True if the object is using a non-orthogonal basis
True if the object is using an orthogonal basis
Shape of sparse matrix
- property D
Access the dynamical matrix elements
- Dk(k=(0, 0, 0), dtype=None, gauge='R', format='csr', *args, **kwargs)[source]
Setup the dynamical matrix for a given k-point
Creation and return of the dynamical matrix for a given k-point (default to Gamma).
Notes
Currently the implemented gauge for the k-point is the cell vector gauge:
\[\mathbf D(k) = \mathbf D_{i_\alpha j_\beta} e^{i q R}\]where \(R\) is an integer times the cell vector and \(\alpha\), \(\beta\) are Cartesian directions.
Another possible gauge is the atomic distance which can be written as
\[\mathbf D(k) = \mathbf D_{\nu\mu} e^{i k r}\]where \(r\) is the distance between the atoms.
- Parameters
k (array_like) – the k-point to setup the dynamical matrix at
dtype (numpy.dtype , optional) – the data type of the returned matrix. Do NOT request non-complex data-type for non-Gamma k. The default data-type is numpy.complex128
gauge ({'R', 'r'}) – the chosen gauge, R for cell vector gauge, and r for atomic distance gauge.
format ({'csr', 'array', 'dense', 'coo', ...}) – the returned format of the matrix, defaulting to the
scipy.sparse.csr_matrix
, however if one always requires operations on dense matrices, one can always return in numpy.ndarray (‘array’/’dense’/’matrix’). Prefixing with ‘sc:’, or simply ‘sc’ returns the matrix in supercell format with phases.
See also
- Returns
matrix – the dynamical matrix at \(k\). The returned object depends on format.
- Return type
numpy.ndarray or scipy.sparse.*_matrix
- Rij(what='orbital', dtype=<class 'numpy.float64'>)
Create a sparse matrix with the vectors between atoms/orbitals
- Parameters
what ({'orbital', 'atom'}) – which kind of sparse vector matrix to return, either an atomic vector matrix or an orbital vector matrix. The orbital matrix is equivalent to the atomic one with the same vectors repeated for the same atomic orbitals. The default is the same type as the parent class.
dtype (numpy.dtype, optional) – the data-type of the sparse matrix.
Notes
The returned sparse matrix with vectors are taken from the current sparse pattern. I.e. a subsequent addition of sparse elements will make them inequivalent. It is thus important to only create the sparse vector matrix when the sparse structure is completed.
- property S
Access the overlap elements associated with the sparse matrix
- Sk(k=(0, 0, 0), dtype=None, gauge='R', format='csr', *args, **kwargs)
Setup the overlap matrix for a given k-point
Creation and return of the overlap matrix for a given k-point (default to Gamma).
Notes
Currently the implemented gauge for the k-point is the cell vector gauge:
\[\mathbf S(k) = \mathbf S_{\nu\mu} e^{i k R}\]where \(R\) is an integer times the cell vector and \(\nu\), \(\mu\) are orbital indices.
Another possible gauge is the orbital distance which can be written as
\[\mathbf S(k) = \mathbf S_{\nu\mu} e^{i k r}\]where \(r\) is the distance between the orbitals.
- Parameters
k (array_like, optional) – the k-point to setup the overlap at (default Gamma point)
dtype (numpy.dtype, optional) – the data type of the returned matrix. Do NOT request non-complex data-type for non-Gamma k. The default data-type is numpy.complex128
gauge ({"R", "r"}) – the chosen gauge, R for cell vector gauge, and r for orbital distance gauge.
format ({"csr", "array", "matrix", "coo", ...}) – the returned format of the matrix, defaulting to the
scipy.sparse.csr_matrix
, however if one always requires operations on dense matrices, one can always return in numpy.ndarray (“array”/”dense”/”matrix”). Prefixing with “sc:”, or simply “sc” returns the matrix in supercell format with phases. This is useful for e.g. bond-current calculations where individual hopping + phases are required.
See also
- Returns
matrix – the overlap matrix at \(k\). The returned object depends on format.
- Return type
numpy.ndarray or scipy.sparse.*_matrix
- __init__(geometry, dim=1, dtype=None, nnzpr=None, **kwargs)[source]
Create sparse object with element between orbitals
- add(other, axis=None, offset=(0, 0, 0))
Add two sparse matrices by adding the parameters to one set. The final matrix will have no couplings between self and other
The final sparse matrix will not have any couplings between self and other. Not even if they have commensurate overlapping regions. If you want to create couplings you have to use append but that requires the structures are commensurate in the coupling region.
- Parameters
other (SparseGeometry) – the other sparse matrix to be added, all atoms will be appended
axis (int or None, optional) – whether a specific axis of the cell will be added to the final geometry. For
None
the final cell will be that of self, otherwise the lattice vector corresponding to axis will be appended.offset ((3,), optional) – offset in geometry of other when adding the atoms.
- append(other, axis, eps=0.005, scale=1)
Append other along axis to construct a new connected sparse matrix
This method tries to append two sparse geometry objects together by the following these steps:
Create the new extended geometry
Use neighbor cell couplings from self as the couplings to other This may cause problems if the coupling atoms are not exactly equi-positioned. If the coupling coordinates and the coordinates in other differ by more than 0.01 Ang, a warning will be issued. If this difference is above eps the couplings will be removed.
When appending sparse matrices made up of atoms, this method assumes that the orbitals on the overlapping atoms have the same orbitals, as well as the same orbital ordering.
Examples
>>> sporb = SparseOrbital(....) >>> sporb2 = sporb.append(sporb, 0) >>> sporbt = sporb.tile(2, 0) >>> sporb2.spsame(sporbt) True
To retain couplings only from the left sparse matrix, do:
>>> sporb = left.append(right, 0, scale=(2, 0)) >>> sporb = (sporb + sporb.transpose()) / 2
To retain couplings only from the right sparse matrix, do:
>>> sporb = left.append(right, 0, scale=(0, 2.)) >>> sporb = (sporb + sporb.transpose()) / 2
Notes
The current implementation does not preserve the hermiticity of the matrix. If you want to preserve hermiticity of the matrix you have to do the following:
>>> sm = (sm + sm.transpose()) / 2
- Parameters
other (object) – must be an object of the same type as self
axis (int) – axis to append the two sparse geometries along
eps (float, optional) – tolerance that all coordinates must be within to allow an append. It is important that this value is smaller than half the distance between the two closests atoms such that there is no ambiguity in selecting equivalent atoms. An internal stricter eps is used as a baseline, see above.
scale (float or array_like, optional) – the scale used for the overlapping region. For scalar values it corresponds to passing:
(scale, scale)
. For array-like inputscale[0]
refers to the scale of the matrix elements coupling from self, whilescale[1]
is the scale of the matrix elements in other.
See also
prepend
equivalent scheme as this method
add
merge two matrices without considering overlap or commensurability
transpose
ensure hermiticity by using this routine
replace
replace a sub-set of atoms with another sparse matrix
Geometry.append
,Geometry.prepend
SparseCSR.scale_columns
method used to scale the two matrix elements values
- Raises
ValueError – if the two geometries are not compatible for either coordinate, orbital or supercell errors
- Returns
a new instance with two sparse matrices joined and appended together
- Return type
- apply_newton()[source]
Sometimes the dynamical matrix does not obey Newtons 3rd law.
We correct the dynamical matrix by imposing zero force.
Correcting for Newton forces the matrix to be finalized.
- construct(func, na_iR=1000, method='rand', eta=None)
Automatically construct the sparse model based on a function that does the setting up of the elements
This may be called in two variants.
Pass a function (func), see e.g.
create_construct
which does the setting up.Pass a tuple/list in func which consists of two elements, one is
R
the radii parameters for the corresponding parameters. The second is the parameters corresponding to theR[i]
elements. In this second case all atoms must only have one orbital.
- Parameters
func (callable or array_like) –
this function must take 4 arguments. 1. Is this object (
self
) 2. Is the currently examined atom (ia
) 3. Is the currently bounded indices (idxs
) 4. Is the currently bounded indices atomic coordinates (idxs_xyz
) An example func could be:>>> def func(self, ia, atoms, atoms_xyz=None): ... idx = self.geometry.close(ia, R=[0.1, 1.44], atoms=atoms, atoms_xyz=atoms_xyz) ... self[ia, idx[0]] = 0 ... self[ia, idx[1]] = -2.7
na_iR (int, optional) – number of atoms within the sphere for speeding up the iter_block loop.
method ({'rand', str}) – method used in Geometry.iter_block, see there for details
eta (bool, optional) – whether an ETA will be printed
See also
create_construct
a generic function used to create a generic function which this routine requires
tile
tiling after construct is much faster for very large systems
repeat
repeating after construct is much faster for very large systems
- copy(dtype=None)
A copy of this object
- Parameters
dtype (numpy.dtype, optional) – it is possible to convert the data to a different data-type If not specified, it will use
self.dtype
- create_construct(R, params)
Create a simple function for passing to the construct function.
This is simply to leviate the creation of simplistic functions needed for setting up the sparse elements.
Basically this returns a function:
>>> def func(self, ia, atoms, atoms_xyz=None): ... idx = self.geometry.close(ia, R=R, atoms=atoms, atoms_xyz=atoms_xyz) ... for ix, p in zip(idx, params): ... self[ia, ix] = p
Notes
This function only works for geometry sparse matrices (i.e. one element per atom). If you have more than one element per atom you have to implement the function your-self.
- Parameters
R (array_like) – radii parameters for different shells. Must have same length as params or one less. If one less it will be extended with
R[0]/100
params (array_like) – coupling constants corresponding to the R ranges.
params[0, :]
are the elements for the all atoms withinR[0]
of each atom.
See also
construct
routine to create the sparse matrix from a generic function (as returned from create_construct)
- dDk(k=(0, 0, 0), dtype=None, gauge='R', format='csr', *args, **kwargs)[source]
Setup the dynamical matrix derivative for a given k-point
Creation and return of the dynamical matrix derivative for a given k-point (default to Gamma).
Notes
Currently the implemented gauge for the k-point is the cell vector gauge:
\[\nabla_k \mathbf D_\gamma(k) = i R_\gamma \mathbf D_{i_\alpha j_\beta} e^{i q R}\]where \(R\) is an integer times the cell vector and \(\alpha\), \(\beta\) are atomic indices. And \(\gamma\) is one of the Cartesian directions.
Another possible gauge is the atomic distance which can be written as
\[\nabla_k \mathbf D_\gamma(k) = i r_\gamma \mathbf D_{i_\alpha j_\beta} e^{i k r}\]where \(r\) is the distance between the atoms.
- Parameters
k (array_like) – the k-point to setup the dynamical matrix at
dtype (numpy.dtype , optional) – the data type of the returned matrix. Do NOT request non-complex data-type for non-Gamma k. The default data-type is numpy.complex128
gauge ({'R', 'r'}) – the chosen gauge, R for cell vector gauge, and r for atomic distance gauge.
format ({'csr', 'array', 'dense', 'coo', ...}) – the returned format of the matrix, defaulting to the
scipy.sparse.csr_matrix
, however if one always requires operations on dense matrices, one can always return in numpy.ndarray (‘array’/’dense’/’matrix’).
See also
- Returns
for each of the Cartesian directions a \(\partial \mathbf D(k)/\partial k_\gamma\) is returned.
- Return type
- dSk(k=(0, 0, 0), dtype=None, gauge='R', format='csr', *args, **kwargs)
Setup the \(k\)-derivatie of the overlap matrix for a given k-point
Creation and return of the derivative of the overlap matrix for a given k-point (default to Gamma).
Notes
Currently the implemented gauge for the k-point is the cell vector gauge:
\[\nabla_k \mathbf S_\alpha(k) = i R_\alpha \mathbf S_{\nu\mu} e^{i k R}\]where \(R\) is an integer times the cell vector and \(\nu\), \(\mu\) are orbital indices. And \(\alpha\) is one of the Cartesian directions.
Another possible gauge is the orbital distance which can be written as
\[\nabla_k \mathbf S_\alpha(k) = i r_\alpha \mathbf S_{ij} e^{i k r}\]where \(r\) is the distance between the orbitals.
- Parameters
k (array_like, optional) – the k-point to setup the overlap at (default Gamma point)
dtype (numpy.dtype, optional) – the data type of the returned matrix. Do NOT request non-complex data-type for non-Gamma k. The default data-type is numpy.complex128
gauge ({"R", "r"}) – the chosen gauge, R for cell vector gauge, and r for orbital distance gauge.
format ({"csr", "array", "matrix", "coo", ...}) – the returned format of the matrix, defaulting to the
scipy.sparse.csr_matrix
, however if one always requires operations on dense matrices, one can always return in numpy.ndarray (“array”/”dense”/”matrix”).
- Returns
for each of the Cartesian directions a \(\partial \mathbf S(k)/\partial k\) is returned.
- Return type
- ddDk(k=(0, 0, 0), dtype=None, gauge='R', format='csr', *args, **kwargs)[source]
Setup the dynamical matrix double derivative for a given k-point
Creation and return of the dynamical matrix double derivative for a given k-point (default to Gamma).
Notes
Currently the implemented gauge for the k-point is the cell vector gauge:
\[\nabla_k^2 \mathbf D_{\gamma\sigma}(k) = - R_\gamma R_\sigma \mathbf D_{i_\alpha j_\beta} e^{i q R}\]where \(R\) is an integer times the cell vector and \(\alpha\), \(\beta\) are Cartesian directions. And \(\gamma\), \(\sigma\) are one of the Cartesian directions.
Another possible gauge is the atomic distance which can be written as
\[\nabla_k^2 \mathbf D_{\gamma\sigma}(k) = - r_\gamma r_\sigma \mathbf D_{i_\alpha j_\beta} e^{i k r}\]where \(r\) is atomic distance.
- Parameters
k (array_like) – the k-point to setup the dynamical matrix at
dtype (numpy.dtype , optional) – the data type of the returned matrix. Do NOT request non-complex data-type for non-Gamma k. The default data-type is numpy.complex128
gauge ({'R', 'r'}) – the chosen gauge, R for cell vector gauge, and r for orbital distance gauge.
format ({'csr', 'array', 'dense', 'coo', ...}) – the returned format of the matrix, defaulting to the
scipy.sparse.csr_matrix
, however if one always requires operations on dense matrices, one can always return in numpy.ndarray (‘array’/’dense’/’matrix’).
- Returns
for each of the Cartesian directions (in Voigt representation); xx, yy, zz, zy, xz, xy
- Return type
list of matrices
- ddSk(k=(0, 0, 0), dtype=None, gauge='R', format='csr', *args, **kwargs)
Setup the double \(k\)-derivatie of the overlap matrix for a given k-point
Creation and return of the double derivative of the overlap matrix for a given k-point (default to Gamma).
Notes
Currently the implemented gauge for the k-point is the cell vector gauge:
\[\nabla_k^2 \mathbf S_{\alpha\beta}(k) = - R_\alpha R_\beta \mathbf S_{\nu\mu} e^{i k R}\]where \(R\) is an integer times the cell vector and \(\nu\), \(\mu\) are orbital indices. And \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) are one of the Cartesian directions.
Another possible gauge is the orbital distance which can be written as
\[\nabla_k^2 \mathbf S_{\alpha\beta}(k) = - r_\alpha r_\beta \mathbf S_{ij} e^{i k r}\]where \(r\) is the distance between the orbitals.
- Parameters
k (array_like, optional) – the k-point to setup the overlap at (default Gamma point)
dtype (numpy.dtype, optional) – the data type of the returned matrix. Do NOT request non-complex data-type for non-Gamma k. The default data-type is numpy.complex128
gauge ({"R", "r"}) – the chosen gauge, R for cell vector gauge, and r for orbital distance gauge.
format ({"csr", "array", "matrix", "coo", ...}) – the returned format of the matrix, defaulting to the
scipy.sparse.csr_matrix
, however if one always requires operations on dense matrices, one can always return in numpy.ndarray (“array”/”dense”/”matrix”).
- Returns
for each of the Cartesian directions (in Voigt representation); xx, yy, zz, zy, xz, xy
- Return type
list of matrices
- property dim
Number of components per element
- property dkind
Data type of sparse elements (in str)
- property dtype
Data type of sparse elements
- edges(atoms=None, exclude=None, orbitals=None)
Retrieve edges (connections) for all atoms
The returned edges are unique and sorted (see numpy.unique) and are returned in supercell indices (i.e.
0 <= edge < self.geometry.no_s
).- Parameters
atoms (int or list of int) – the edges are returned only for the given atom (but by using all orbitals of the requested atom). The returned edges are also atoms.
exclude (int or list of int or None, optional) – remove edges which are in the exclude list, this list refers to orbitals.
orbitals (int or list of int) – the edges are returned only for the given orbital. The returned edges are orbitals.
See also
SparseCSR.edges
the underlying routine used for extracting the edges
- eig(k=(0, 0, 0), gauge='R', eigvals_only=True, **kwargs)
Returns the eigenvalues of the physical quantity (using the non-Hermitian solver)
Setup the system and overlap matrix with respect to the given k-point and calculate the eigenvalues.
All subsequent arguments gets passed directly to
scipy.linalg.eig
- eigenmode(k=(0, 0, 0), gauge='R', **kwargs)[source]
Calculate the eigenmodes at k and return an EigenmodePhonon object containing all eigenmodes
Note that the phonon modes are _not_ mass-scaled.
- Parameters
k (array_like*3, optional) – the k-point at which to evaluate the eigenmodes at
gauge (str, optional) – the gauge used for calculating the eigenmodes
sparse (bool, optional) – if
True
, eigsh will be called, else eigh will be called (default).**kwargs (dict, optional) – passed arguments to the eigh/eighs routine
- Return type
- eigenvalue(k=(0, 0, 0), gauge='R', **kwargs)[source]
Calculate the eigenvalues at k and return an EigenvaluePhonon object containing all eigenvalues for a given k
- Parameters
k (array_like*3, optional) – the k-point at which to evaluate the eigenvalues at
gauge (str, optional) – the gauge used for calculating the eigenvalues
sparse (bool, optional) – if
True
, eigsh will be called, else eigh will be called (default).**kwargs (dict, optional) – passed arguments to the eigh routine
- Return type
- eigh(k=(0, 0, 0), gauge='R', eigvals_only=True, **kwargs)
Returns the eigenvalues of the physical quantity
Setup the system and overlap matrix with respect to the given k-point and calculate the eigenvalues.
All subsequent arguments gets passed directly to
scipy.linalg.eigh
- eigsh(k=(0, 0, 0), n=10, gauge='R', eigvals_only=True, **kwargs)
Calculates a subset of eigenvalues of the physical quantity (default 10)
Setup the quantity and overlap matrix with respect to the given k-point and calculate a subset of the eigenvalues using the sparse algorithms.
All subsequent arguments gets passed directly to
scipy.linalg.eigsh
- eliminate_zeros(*args, **kwargs)
Removes all zero elements from the sparse matrix
This is an in-place operation.
See also
SparseCSR.eliminate_zeros
method called, see there for parameters
- empty(keep_nnz=False)
See
empty
for details
- finalize()
Finalizes the model
Finalizes the model so that all non-used elements are removed. I.e. this simply reduces the memory requirement for the sparse matrix.
Note that adding more elements to the sparse matrix is more time-consuming than for a non-finalized sparse matrix due to the internal data-representation.
- property finalized
Whether the contained data is finalized and non-used elements have been removed
- classmethod fromsp(geometry, P, S=None, **kwargs)
Create a sparse model from a preset Geometry and a list of sparse matrices
The passed sparse matrices are in one of scipy.sparse formats.
- Parameters
geometry (Geometry) – geometry to describe the new sparse geometry
P (list of scipy.sparse or scipy.sparse) – the new sparse matrices that are to be populated in the sparse matrix
S (scipy.sparse, optional) – if provided this refers to the overlap matrix and will force the returned sparse matrix to be non-orthogonal
**kwargs (optional) – any arguments that are directly passed to the
__init__
method of the class.
- Returns
a new sparse matrix that holds the passed geometry and the elements of P and optionally being non-orthogonal if S is not none
- Return type
SparseGeometry
- property geometry
Associated geometry
- iter_nnz(atoms=None, orbitals=None)
Iterations of the non-zero elements
An iterator on the sparse matrix with, row and column
Examples
>>> for i, j in self.iter_nnz(): ... self[i, j] # is then the non-zero value
- iter_orbitals(atoms=None, local=False)
Iterations of the orbital space in the geometry, two indices from loop
An iterator returning the current atomic index and the corresponding orbital index.
>>> for ia, io in self.iter_orbitals():
In the above case io always belongs to atom ia and ia may be repeated according to the number of orbitals associated with the atom ia.
- Parameters
- Yields
ia – atomic index
io – orbital index
See also
Geometry.iter_orbitals
method used to iterate orbitals
- property nnz
Number of non-zero elements
- property non_orthogonal
True if the object is using a non-orthogonal basis
- nonzero(atoms=None, only_cols=False)
Indices row and column indices where non-zero elements exists
- Parameters
See also
SparseCSR.nonzero
the equivalent function call
- property orthogonal
True if the object is using an orthogonal basis
- prepend(other, axis, eps=0.005, scale=1)
See append for details
This is currently equivalent to:
>>> other.append(self, axis, eps, scale)
- static read(sile, *args, **kwargs)[source]
Reads dynamical matrix from Sile using read_dynamical_matrix.
- Parameters
sile (Sile, str or pathlib.Path) – a Sile object which will be used to read the dynamical matrix. If it is a string it will create a new sile using get_sile.
* (args passed directly to
read_dynamical_matrix(,**)
) –
- remove(atoms)
Remove a subset of this sparse matrix by only retaining the atoms corresponding to atoms
- Parameters
atoms (array_like of int or Atom) – indices of removed atoms or Atom for direct removal of all atoms
See also
Geometry.remove
equivalent to the resulting Geometry from this routine
Geometry.sub
the negative of Geometry.remove
sub
the opposite of remove, i.e. retain a subset of atoms
- remove_orbital(atoms, orbitals)
Remove a subset of orbitals on atoms according to orbitals
For more detailed examples, please see the equivalent (but opposite) method sub_orbital.
- Parameters
See also
sub_orbital
retaining a set of orbitals (see here for examples)
- repeat(reps, axis)
Create a repeated sparse orbital object, equivalent to Geometry.repeat
The already existing sparse elements are extrapolated to the new supercell by repeating them in blocks like the coordinates.
- Parameters
See also
Geometry.repeat
the same ordering as the final geometry
Geometry.tile
a different ordering of the final geometry
tile
a different ordering of the final geometry
- replace(atoms, other, other_atoms=None, eps=0.005, scale=1.0)
Replace atoms in self with other_atoms in other and retain couplings between them
This method replaces a subset of atoms in self with another sparse geometry retaining any couplings between them. The algorithm checks whether the coupling atoms have the same number of orbitals. Meaning that atoms in the overlapping region should have the same connections and number of orbitals per atom. It will _not_ check whether the orbitals or atoms _are_ the same, nor the order of the orbitals.
The replacement algorithm takes the couplings from
self -> other
on atoms belonging toself
andother -> self
fromother
. This will in some cases mean that the matrix becomes non-symmetric. See in Notes for details on symmetrizing the matrices.Examples
>>> minimal = SparseOrbital(....) >>> big = minimal.tile(2, 0) >>> big2 = big.replace(np.arange(big.na), minimal) >>> big.spsame(big2) True
To ensure hermiticity and using the average of the couplings from
big
andminimal
one can do:>>> big2 = big.replace(np.arange(big.na), minimal) >>> big2 = (big2 + big2.transpose()) / 2
To retain couplings only from the
big
sparse matrix, one should do the following (note the subsequent transposing which ensures hermiticy and is effectively copying couplings frombig
to the replaced region.>>> big2 = big.replace(np.arange(big.na), minimal, scale=(2, 0)) >>> big2 = (big2 + big2.transpose()) / 2
To only retain couplings from the
minimal
sparse matrix:>>> big2 = big.replace(np.arange(big.na), minimal, scale=(0, 2)) >>> big2 = (big2 + big2.transpose()) / 2
Notes
The current implementation does not preserve the hermiticity of the matrix. If you want to preserve hermiticity of the matrix you have to do the following:
>>> sm = (sm + sm.transpose()) / 2
Also note that the ordering of the atoms will be
range(atoms.min()), range(len(other_atoms)), <rest>
.Algorithms that utilizes atomic indices should be careful.
When the tolerance eps is high, the elements may be more prone to differences in the symmetry elements. A good idea would be to check the difference between the couplings. The below variable
diff
will contain the difference(self -> other) - (other -> self)
>>> diff = sm - sm.transpose()
- Parameters
atoms (array_like) – which atoms in self that are removed and replaced with
other.sub(other_atoms)
other (object) – must be an object of the same type as self, a subset is taken from this sparse matrix and combined with self to create a new sparse matrix
other_atoms (array_like, optional) – to select a subset of atoms in other that are taken out. Defaults to all atoms in other.
eps (float, optional) – coordinate tolerance for allowing replacement. It is important that this value is at least smaller than half the distance between the two closests atoms such that there is no ambiguity in selecting equivalent atoms.
scale (float or array_like, optional) – the scale used for the overlapping region. For scalar values it corresponds to passing:
(scale, scale)
. For array-like inputscale[0]
refers to the scale of the matrix elements coupling from self, whilescale[1]
is the scale of the matrix elements in other.
See also
prepend
prepend two sparse matrices, see append for details
add
merge two matrices without considering overlap or commensurability
transpose
may be used to ensure hermiticity (symmetrization of the matrix elements)
append
append two sparse matrices
Geometry.append
,Geometry.prepend
SparseCSR.scale_columns
method used to scale the two matrix elements values
- Raises
ValueError – if the two geometries are not compatible for either coordinate, orbital or supercell errors
AssertionError – if the two geometries are not compatible for either coordinate, orbital or supercell errors
- Warns
SislWarning – in case the overlapping atoms are not comprising the same atomic specie. In some cases this may not be a problem. However, care must be taken by the user if this warning is issued.
- Returns
a new instance with two sparse matrices merged together by replacing some atoms
- Return type
- reset(dim=None, dtype=<class 'numpy.float64'>, nnzpr=None)
The sparsity pattern has all elements removed and everything is reset.
The object will be the same as if it had been initialized with the same geometry as it were created with.
- Parameters
dim (int, optional) – number of dimensions per element, default to the current number of elements per matrix element.
dtype (numpy.dtype, optional) – the datatype of the sparse elements
nnzpr (int, optional) – number of non-zero elements per row
- rij(what='orbital', dtype=<class 'numpy.float64'>)
Create a sparse matrix with the distance between atoms/orbitals
- Parameters
what ({'orbital', 'atom'}) – which kind of sparse distance matrix to return, either an atomic distance matrix or an orbital distance matrix. The orbital matrix is equivalent to the atomic one with the same distance repeated for the same atomic orbitals. The default is the same type as the parent class.
dtype (numpy.dtype, optional) – the data-type of the sparse matrix.
Notes
The returned sparse matrix with distances are taken from the current sparse pattern. I.e. a subsequent addition of sparse elements will make them inequivalent. It is thus important to only create the sparse distance when the sparse structure is completed.
- set_nsc(*args, **kwargs)
Reset the number of allowed supercells in the sparse orbital
If one reduces the number of supercells any sparse element that references the supercell will be deleted.
See Lattice.set_nsc for allowed parameters.
See also
Lattice.set_nsc
the underlying called method
- property shape
Shape of sparse matrix
- spalign(other)
See
align
for details
- spsame(other)
Compare two sparse objects and check whether they have the same entries.
This does not necessarily mean that the elements are the same
- sub(atoms)
Create a subset of this sparse matrix by only retaining the atoms corresponding to atoms
Negative indices are wrapped and thus works, supercell atoms are also wrapped to the unit-cell.
- Parameters
atoms (array_like of int or Atom) – indices of retained atoms or Atom for retaining only that atom
Examples
>>> obj = SparseOrbital(...) >>> obj.sub(1) # only retain the second atom in the SparseGeometry >>> obj.sub(obj.atoms.atom[0]) # retain all atoms which is equivalent to >>> # the first atomic specie
See also
Geometry.remove
the negative of Geometry.sub
Geometry.sub
equivalent to the resulting Geometry from this routine
remove
the negative of sub, i.e. remove a subset of atoms
- sub_orbital(atoms, orbitals)
Retain only a subset of the orbitals on atoms according to orbitals
This allows one to retain only a given subset of the sparse matrix elements.
- Parameters
atoms (array_like of int or Atom) – indices of atoms or Atom that will be reduced in size according to orbitals
orbitals (array_like of int or Orbital) – indices of the orbitals on atoms that are retained in the sparse matrix, the list of orbitals will be sorted. One cannot re-arrange matrix elements currently.
Notes
Future implementations may allow one to re-arange orbitals using this method.
When using this method the internal species list will be populated by another specie that is named after the orbitals removed. This is to distinguish different atoms.
Examples
>>> # a Carbon atom with 2 orbitals >>> C = sisl.Atom('C', [1., 2.]) >>> # an oxygen atom with 3 orbitals >>> O = sisl.Atom('O', [1., 2., 2.4]) >>> geometry = sisl.Geometry([[0] * 3, [1] * 3]], 2, [C, O]) >>> obj = SparseOrbital(geometry).tile(3, 0) >>> # fill in obj data...
Now
obj
is a sparse geometry with 2 different species and 6 atoms (3 of each). They are ordered[C, O, C, O, C, O]
. In the following we will note species that are different from the original by a'
in the list.Retain 2nd orbital on the 2nd atom:
[C, O', C, O, C, O]
>>> new_obj = obj.sub_orbital(1, 1)
Retain 2nd orbital on 1st and 2nd atom:
[C', O', C, O, C, O]
>>> new_obj = obj.sub_orbital([0, 1], 1)
Retain 2nd orbital on the 1st atom and 3rd orbital on 4th atom:
[C', O, C, O', C, O]
>>> new_obj = obj.sub_orbital(0, 1).sub_orbital(3, 2)
Retain 2nd orbital on all atoms equivalent to the first atom:
[C', O, C', O, C', O]
>>> new_obj = obj.sub_orbital(obj.geometry.atoms[0], 1)
Retain 1st orbital on 1st atom, and 2nd orbital on 3rd and 5th atom:
[C', O, C'', O, C'', O]
>>> new_obj = obj.sub_orbital(0, 0).sub_orbital([2, 4], 1)
See also
remove_orbital
removing a set of orbitals (opposite of this)
- swap(a, b)
Swaps atoms in the sparse geometry to obtain a new order of atoms
This can be used to reorder elements of a geometry.
- Parameters
a (array_like) – the first list of atomic coordinates
b (array_like) – the second list of atomic coordinates
- tile(reps, axis)
Create a tiled sparse orbital object, equivalent to Geometry.tile
The already existing sparse elements are extrapolated to the new supercell by repeating them in blocks like the coordinates.
- toSparseAtom(dim=None, dtype=None)
Convert the sparse object (without data) to a new sparse object with equivalent but reduced sparse pattern
This converts the orbital sparse pattern to an atomic sparse pattern.
- Parameters
dim (int, optional) – number of dimensions allocated in the SparseAtom object, default to the same
dtype (numpy.dtype, optional) – used data-type for the sparse object. Defaults to the same.
- tocsr(dim=0, isc=None, **kwargs)
Return a
csr_matrix
for the specified dimension
- translate2uc(atoms=None, axes=None)
Translates all primary atoms to the unit cell.
With this, the coordinates of the geometry are translated to the unit cell and the supercell connections in the matrix are updated accordingly.
- Parameters
atoms (AtomsArgument, optional) – only translate the specified atoms. If not specified, all atoms will be translated.
axes (int or array_like or None, optional) – only translate certain lattice directions, None species only the periodic directions
- Returns
A new sparse matrix with the updated connections and a new associated geometry.
- Return type
- transpose(sort=True)
Create the transposed sparse geometry by interchanging supercell indices
Sparse geometries are (typically) relying on symmetry in the supercell picture. Thus when one transposes a sparse geometry one should ideally get the same matrix. This is true for the Hamiltonian, density matrix, etc.
This routine transposes all rows and columns such that any interaction between row, r, and column c in a given supercell (i,j,k) will be transposed into row c, column r in the supercell (-i,-j,-k).
- Parameters
sort (bool, optional) – the returned columns for the transposed structure will be sorted if this is true, default
Notes
The components for each sparse element are not changed in this method.
Examples
Force a sparse geometry to be Hermitian:
>>> sp = SparseOrbital(...) >>> sp = (sp + sp.transpose()) / 2
- Returns
an equivalent sparse geometry with transposed matrix elements
- Return type
- unrepeat(reps, axis, segment=0, *args, sym=True, **kwargs)
Unrepeats the sparse model into different parts (retaining couplings)
Please see untile for details, the algorithm and arguments are the same however, this is the opposite of repeat.
- untile(reps, axis, segment=0, *args, sym=True, **kwargs)
Untiles the sparse model into different parts (retaining couplings)
Recreates a new sparse object with only the cutted atoms in the structure. This will preserve matrix elements in the supercell.
- Parameters
reps (int) – number of repetitions the tiling function created (opposite meaning as in untile)
axis (int) – which axis to untile along
segment (int, optional) – which segment to retain. Generally each segment should be equivalent, however requesting individiual segments can help uncover inconsistencies in the sparse matrix
*args – arguments passed directly to Geometry.untile
sym (bool, optional) – if True, the algorithm will ensure the returned matrix is symmetrized (i.e. return
(M + M.transpose())/2
, else return data as is. False should generally only be used for debugging precision of the matrix elements, or if one wishes to check the warnings.**kwargs – keyword arguments passed directly to Geometry.untile
Notes
Untiling structures with
nsc == 1
along axis are assumed to have periodic boundary conditions.When untiling structures with
nsc == 1
along axis it is important to untile as much as possible. This is because otherwise the algorithm cannot determine the correct couplings. Therefore to create a geometry of 3 times a unit-cell, one should untile to the unit-cell, and subsequently tile 3 times.Consider for example a system of 4 atoms, each atom connects to its 2 neighbours. Due to the PBC atom 0 will connect to 1 and 3. Untiling this structure in 2 will group couplings of atoms 0 and 1. As it will only see one coupling to the right it will halve the coupling and use the same coupling to the left, which is clearly wrong.
In the following the latter is the correct way to do it.
>>> SPM.untile(2, 0) != SPM.untile(4, 0).tile(2, 0)
- Raises
ValueError : – in case the matrix elements are not conseuctive when determining the new supercell structure. This may often happen if untiling a matrix too few times, and then untiling it again.
See also
tile
opposite of this method
Geometry.untile
same as this method, see details about parameters here